Planned Happenstance theory is an expansion of Krumboltz’ s learning the- ory of career counseling (Krumboltz, 2008, 2009) which was an extension of his social leaning theory of career decision ...and educators.By application of krumboltz’s social learning theory for entrepreneurship, the connections between talents, prior experiences, environmental circumstances and qualifications needed for doing a job are digested more comprehensively. So unfit situations and disregarding prior experience and personal presuppositions in some ...Discussion. The theory presented by John D. Krumboltz, who is an established career theorist, known as Career decision making, social learning theory explains how educational and occupational skills are required for the selection of a career (Krumboltz et al., 1976). It describes the involvement of certain factors like environmental conditions ...Krumboltz, J. D. (1996). A learning theory of career counseling. In M. L. Savickas & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling theory and practice (pp.The four core steps to this approach (developed by Mitchell, Krumboltz and Levin) are: clarify ideas: follow your curiosity and identify your interests. remove the blocks: wonder “how can I” rather than “I can’t because…”. expect the unexpected: be prepared for chance opportunities, such as unexpected phone calls, chance encounters ...Show abstract. ... 5 Learning by observation or emulation is advocated by social cognitive theory as a major driver of development. 6 This implies that children acquire learning from observation ...“Theory is a picture, an image, a description, a representation of reality. It is not reality itself. It is a way we can think about some part of reality so that we can comprehend it” (Krumboltz) Career Development Theories for the past 75 years fall into four categories: 1.Major Concepts Genetic Endowments and Special Abilities Inherited qualities or skills that may enhance or hinder individual's career opportunities ...Feb 16, 2018 · Krumboltz refers to the ultimate career decision as the “logical outcome of an infinitely complex sequence of learning experiences.”. The first part of this theory puts it focus on the origin of career choice basing it on the four important life factors (Mitchell,1996). Read also Plan To Establish a Career and Counseling Service Center. Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory Strengths A. Specifies behavioral strategies: reinforcement, role models, role playing etc B. Suggests ways to deal with unexpected/unplanned C. Teaching clients and empowering to take action Weaknesses A.Social Learning Theory of John Krumboltz. This theory focuses on heredity, environment, learning experiences and task approach, and how these factors influence behaviour and career choice. The counsellor’s role is to help people create more satisfying lives for themselves.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Most writers believe that personal and career counseling, In general, theories should, Which of the following is LEAST important in selecting a career development theory to apply to counseling? and more.examines the limitations in the classic model of trait-and-factor counseling, including the static view of individuals, inattention to emotions, and an emphasis on occupational choice rather than the implementation of a choice / argues that jobs are changing from stable occupations to team-performed tasks / offers a new theory of career counseling that addresses these deficiencies / the goals ...Limited research has considered social learning tools and preferences of the Generation Z learner from a higher educational perspective. This research is based on the educational theories of constructivism and social learning, in attempt to reflect on social learning tools employed in a third year Urban and Regional Planning module at …Krumboltz, J.D. (1979). A social learning theory of career decision making. Revised and reprinted in A. M. Mitchell, G. B. Jones, and J. D. Krumboltz (Eds.), Social learning and career decision making (pp. 19-49). Cranston, RI: Carroll Press.Further, a number of career theories are based on learning theory (e.g., Lent et al., 1996, Mitchell and Krumboltz, 1996) and Super (1990) suggested that ...Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory presents a model that emphasizes. A behavioral Orientation, with some cognitive components. Social Learning Theory stresses. The importance of genetic endowment, environmental conditions, learning experiences, and task-approach skills. This is essential to the application of Social Learning Theory.The four core steps to this approach (developed by Mitchell, Krumboltz and Levin) are: clarify ideas: follow your curiosity and identify your interests. remove the blocks: wonder “how can I” rather than “I can’t because…”. expect the unexpected: be prepared for chance opportunities, such as unexpected phone calls, chance encounters ...John Krumboltz developed the happenstance theory to show how positive or negative events can be the foundation of indecision or a stepping stone to something greater. He suggests that every opportunity or chance encounter that may happen to an individual over the course of any given day offers some type of benefit.5 Tem 2017 ... Krumboltz thinks that the learning experiences we have been exposed to largely shape our career choices, identifying three types of such ...Happenstance Learning Theory: “HLT posits that human behavior is the product of countless numbers of ... emotions, and future actions” (Krumboltz, 2009). • Factors over which individuals have no control VS. Factors individuals initiate • Since planning doesn’t necessarily lead to careers, we don’t want to require students to make ...Krumboltz, J.D. (1979). A social learning theory of career decision making. In A. M. Mitchell, G. B. Jones, & J. D. Krumboltz (Eds.), Social learning and career decision making (pp. 19-49). Cranston, RI: Carroll Press.math. Social cognitive career theory has addressed that concern that many women have about their ability to be successful in. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like social cognitive career theory, Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory, self-efficacy concerns and more.6. John Krumboltz (learning theory of career counseling -- LTCC) Krumboltz used Bandura's social learning theory to identify the principal concepts for this theory of career development and career counseling. Reinforcement theory, cognitive information processing, and classical behaviorism are important concepts.The Learning Theory of Career Counseling. Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI): designed to help counselors identify problematic client beliefs such as indecision, unrealism, and multipotentiality. categorizes the client's feelings, biases, and generalizations towards their own career journey, and help the client acknowledge the obsticles they must ...Krumboltz's theory maintains that your career choices aren't predestined or set in stone. ... As a kid, your career goals -- ballerina, astronaut, or ballerina- ...The Basics. Dr. Krumboltz's two-part career choice theory is actually called A Learning Theory of Career Counseling. As a sort of thesis that summarizes his views of career choice, Krumboltz calls the ultimate career decision the “logical outcome of an infinitely complex sequence of learning experiences.”. The first part of the theory ...Mar 1, 2010 · The career theory of “planned happenstance” provides direction for advisors to help students make connections and use developing skills and experiences to “plan” for “chance” career events. “Planned happenstance” theory was introduced in 1999 by Mitchell, Levin and Krumboltz. Abstract. Central to social cognitive theory is the recognition and utilization of human agency, the fundamental human quality that directs and regulates the very experiences of human living. Humans, as agents, can intentionally influence their functioning and immediate circumstances (Bandura, 2001a, 2006).The happenstance learning theory (HLT) proposes a model of career counseling that helps clients to build more satisfying personal and work lives. Although reflective listening remains an essential part of the process, HLT is an action‐oriented approach to helping clients to both create and benefit from unplanned events. Success is measured not by what happens during the counseling interview ... Modern theories began in the 1950s with postmodern emerging in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Krumboltz and his colleagues (Mitchell and Jones) developed a learning theory of career counseling comprising two distinct parts. First part, focuses on explaining the origins of career choice and is labeled “social learning theory of career ...Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the knowledge of career development theory and research as it relates to the managing career and adult transitions across the lifespan as a student aff...Motivation — Learner must be motivated to repeat behaviour. Social learning theory covers both behavioural and cognitive characteristics, and applied to your ...How Social Learning Theory Works. Social learning theory, introduced by psychologist Albert Bandura, proposed that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling and is influenced by factors such as attention, motivation, attitudes, and emotions. The theory accounts for the interaction of environmental and cognitive …Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory The Social Learning Theory developed by John Krumboltz is based on social learning as its fundamental element. Krumboltz felt that factors such as social, cultural, political, and economics affect a persons career decisions (Sharf, 2013). His theoretical conceptions work within the framework of Cognitive ... Theory of mind is the theory for how most humans understand that another person has different desires and feelings. Learn more about theory of mind. Advertisement Back when you were a child of 2 or so, you were virtually mindless, at least ...Part 2: Krumboltzs learning theory of career counseling. Explains what career counselors can do about many career related problems. Krumboltzs Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making(SLTCDM) Designed to address the WHY behind decisions to enter, change, or express interest in educational programs or occupations.3 A description of the empirical evidence relevant to this theory has been prepared by Anita M. Mitchell and appears as Chapter 3 in Mitchell, Jones and Krumboltz (1975). ). In Chapter 5 G. Brian Jones has suggested relevant research and development prioritFeb 28, 2016 · Modern theories began in the 1950s with postmodern emerging in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Krumboltz and his colleagues (Mitchell and Jones) developed a learning theory of career counseling comprising two distinct parts. First part, focuses on explaining the origins of career choice and is labeled “social learning theory of career ... John Krumboltz developed the happenstance theory to show how positive or negative events can be the foundation of indecision or a stepping stone to something greater. He suggests that every opportunity or chance encounter that may happen to an individual over the course of any given day offers some type of benefit.Application of John Krumboltz Learning Theory Action Steps 1. Finding out client’s concerns 2. Actively listening to their experiences, thoughts, and feelings 3. Brainstorm some ideas about next possible actions that the clients could take o Building a resume, moving to another town, asking friends for advice o Taking a night school course ...3 Career Counseling Theory Case Study: Scott The Krumboltz learning theory (KLT) proposes a model of career counseling that helps clients to build more satisfying personal and work lives. Although reflective listening remains an essential part of the process, KLT is an action-oriented approach to helping clients to both create and benefit from ...The School-to-Work Transition From a Learning Theory Perspective. John D. Krumboltz, Roger L. Worthington. First published: 23 December 2011. …1) Succeed at tasks similar to occupation they choose. 2)Behavior reinforced for activities of that profession. 3)Valued person stresses importance of the occupation associated with positive words or images. Strengths of Learning Theory of Career Counseling. 1) Based on empirically sound social learning theory.Albert Bandura’s social learning theory holds that behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observation. The theory suggests that people learn from one another through imitation, observation and modeling.Share. John D. Krumboltz, Ph.D., has demonstrated throughout his life and work that counselors can help clients with career, academic, and personal problems to explore and expand their learning experiences; challenge unhelpful beliefs; embrace unanticipated opportunities; and take positive actions to create more satisfying lives for themselves.Alexander Street is an imprint of ProQuest that promotes teaching, research, and learning across music, counseling, history, anthropology, drama, film, and more. Creating More Satisfying Lives: A Live Demonstration of Happenstance Career Theory | Alexander Street, part of ClarivateKrumboltz’s Social Learning Theory Strengths A. Specifies behavioral strategies: reinforcement, role models, role playing etc B. Suggests ways to deal with unexpected/unplanned C. Teaching clients and empowering to take action Weaknesses A.Summary. Albert Bandura is well regarded for his Social Cognitive Theory. It is a learning theory based on the ideas that people learn by watching what others do, and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality. This theory provides a framework for understanding, predicting and changing human behaviour.Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Careers . People bring genetic and socially inherited attributes to their environment. These interact to produce the self views (sog's) Which in turn influence one's work related behavior (actions) Based on learning, not development, not dynamic process . 4 factors influence career development Krumboltz was the first to propose a social learning theory of career counseling. He added that career development involves four factors. This includes; genetic endowment and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills.Jun 17, 2023 · Social learning is a concept automatically and instinctively applied by humans throughout their lives, which they implement from childhood in order to find their place in the world and society. Fundamental beliefs and worldviews, such as gender roles, religion, political views, and self-worth, are initially shaped through social learning. Krumboltz, J. D. (1996). A learning theory of career counseling. In M. L. Savickas & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling theory and practice (pp.John Krumboltz posits a theory of career counseling that stresses social learning as its key ingredient. He says that “People with differing genetic characteristics are exposed to infinitely varied learning opportunities (or lack therof) as a result of the social, cultural, and economic circumstances that exist at the time and place where they live. John Krumboltz developed the happenstance theory to show how positive or negative events can be the foundation of indecision or a stepping stone to something greater. He suggests that every opportunity or chance encounter that may happen to an individual over the course of any given day offers some type of benefit. The learning theory of career counseling has many positives, for example, the learning process takes place via direct observations and through direct observations (Krumboltz, Mitchell, & Jones, 1976). Moreover, the theoretical process, when applied, allows simplification of the process of career selection. Primarily, life events are used to ...This theory is called planned happenstance. This theory particularly addresses the need for people to deal with change in response to the changing society as well as the job market. In comparing Holland and Krumboltz’s theories both are people centered, these theories also “encourage clients’ to take action” (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2013. These seven theories of career development are examined in previous chapters: (1) Roe's personality theory, (2) Holland's career typology theory, (3) the Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrod, and Herma Theory, (4) psychoanalytic conceptions, (5) Super's developmental self-concept theory, (6) other personality theories, and (7) social systems theories. Gain insight into Krumboltz's therapy style and how he removes the mystique surrounding the therapeutic process by remaining sensible and down-to-earth. • Learn ...Krumboltz HLT - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Krumboltz HLT - Download as a PDF or view online for free Submit Search ... 135 originally published online Dec 30, 2008; DOI: 10.1177/1069072708328861 Applying the Happenstance Learning Theory to Involuntary Career Transitions John D. Krumboltz, Pamela F. Foley, and …Theories that currently inform counseling and education include person-environment interaction models, Super's theory, Holland's typology, Krumboltz's social learning theory, Hershenson's work adjustment model, social cognitive career theory, developmental contextualism, sociological and economic models, and organizational career theory.4. Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory of Career Choice: John D. Krumboltz developed a theory of career decision making and development based on social learning. Career decisions are the product of an uncountable number of learning experiences made possible by encounters with the people, institutions and events in a person's particular …Social Learning Theory – Albert Bandura 1977 & 1986: Social Learning Theory (SLTCDM) – Krumboltz et al 1976, Mitchell & Krumboltz 1990 & 1996: Solution Focused Career Theory – Judi Miller 2004: Sparks Theory – Minna Kattelus 2010 – 2015: Stages of Change Model – Transtheoretical Model – James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente – 1983Krumboltz's theory John Krumboltz's planned happenstance theory makes it OK to not always plan, because unplanned events could lead to good careers. An optimistic outlook can help turn serendipity into opportunity John Krumboltz is an established career theorist. He most recently developed ideas about supporting indecision in clients.This essay will cover the background of Krumboltz’s social learning theory of career development, its explanation, and how career counsellors might use it to recommend an appropriate job to clients. Additionally, it analyses the factors that influence the social learning process and potential issues with applying the theory to a particular ...First factor of Krumboltz's learning theory , _____include inherited qualities that may set limits on the individual's career opportunities. The authors do not attempt to explain the interaction of the genetic characteristics and special abilities but emphasize that these factors should be recognized as influences in the career decision-making ...Feb 28, 2016 · Modern theories began in the 1950s with postmodern emerging in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Krumboltz and his colleagues (Mitchell and Jones) developed a learning theory of career counseling comprising two distinct parts. First part, focuses on explaining the origins of career choice and is labeled “social learning theory of career ... To assess the career decision-making process of METCO participants' Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making (SLTCDM) was the ideal framework to apply because it helps to organize how individuals share their career experiences.John D. Krumboltz is an educational psychologist who has been a leading researcher in the field since receiving his degree from the University of Minnesota in 1955. In particular, his pioneering work on …from Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making, were found to be statistically significant predictors of job tenure and contributed 2.4% and 1.1% respectively of the variance in Same School Longevity, controlling for Age.The Happenstance Learning Theory · J. Krumboltz; Published 1 May · J. Krumboltz; Published 1 May 2009 · Education, Psychology · Journal of Career Assessment.Whether you're putting together a portfolio web site or just slapping together some slides, knowing how colors affect the minds of your audience makes your message more appealing. Smashing magazine offers a post that serves as Color Psychol...Krumboltz - Learning Theory of Career Counseling Social Learning Theory of Careers People bring genetic and socially inherited attributes to their environment. These interact to produce the self views (sog's) Which in turn influence one's work related behavior (actions) Based on learning, not development, not dynamic processWhat I learned in Krumboltz' Learning Theory, the teory has 4 factors involved in Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) that are genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences and task approach skills. This topic is very interesting for me because the theory is an attempt to …The Happenstance Learning Theory. John D. Krumboltz View all authors and affiliations. Volume 17, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072708328861. Contents. Get …Dec 20, 2019 · theory, Super’s Lifespan/Life Space theory, Krumboltz’s Social Learning theory. of career choice, and Constructivist theory/Model of care er development. From. the point of my view, career ... Oct 8, 2014 · Limitations of Krumboltz Theory Environmental Conditions & Events The process of how career development and career choice is multifaceted No structure A lot of weight on counselor The learning theory of career counseling has yet to be fully tested Too many variables to theory John D. Krumboltz is an educational psychologist who has been a leading researcher in the field since receiving his degree from the University of Minnesota in 1955. In particular, his pioneering work on …Krumboltz's Learning Theory Approach Each individual's unique learning experiences over the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice. Development involves genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills Genetic endowments are …Krumboltz’s social learning theory of career choice was developed by John D. Krumboltz. This theory is about career decision marketing and development based on social learning. Career decisions are the product of an uncountable number of learning experiences made possible by encounters with the people, institutions and events in a person’s ...Opportunity is everywhere. ‘Planned Happenstance’, is a career theory developed by Professor John Krumboltz of Stanford University. It asks you to focus less on having specific plans for your future and more about finding opportunities in unplanned events. Krumboltz theory suggests we actively embrace the up-and-down nature of our …Share. John D. Krumboltz, Ph.D., has demonstrated throughout his life and work that counselors can help clients with career, academic, and personal problems to explore and expand their learning experiences; challenge unhelpful beliefs; embrace unanticipated opportunities; and take positive actions to create more satisfying lives for themselves. The Big Five Career Theories. Career guidance and counselling in the western world, most notably in the United States (USA), has developed a comprehensive system of theories and intervention strategies in its more than 100 years of history. It began in the years of Frank Parson as a trait-factor approach in the early twentieth century (Betz ...Planned Happenstance theory is an expansion of Krumboltz’ s learning the- ory of career counseling (Krumboltz, 2008, 2009) which was an extension of his social leaning theory of career decision ...Whether you're putting together a portfolio web site or just slapping together some slides, knowing how colors affect the minds of your audience makes your message more appealing. Smashing magazine offers a post that serves as Color Psychol...Early 1900s. Theory: Person-environment fit, trait factor. Names: Parsons, Williamson, Holland. Vocational guidance is accomplished first by studying the individual, then by surveying occupations, and finally by matching the individual with the occupation. Read more about Holland's theory.I have been asked to explain how practical career counselor actions can be derived from the happenstance learning theory (HLT; Krumboltz, 2009). The HLT is something of a rebellion against traditional counseling theories, although the influence of chance events has certainly been described by others (Ariely, 2008; Bandura, 1982; Betsworth & …7 Mar 2019 ... Comments6 · Keynote -- John Krumboltz · Social Learning Theory: Bandura's Bobo Beatdown Experiments · Career Counseling Episode 3: SCCT · John ...Krumboltz’s Theory. PART 1. Krumboltz’s social learning theory of career choice was developed by John D. Krumboltz. This theory is about career decision marketing and development based on social learning. Career decisions are the product of an uncountable number of learning experiences made possible by encounters with the people ...
Social learning theory reinforces the idea that learning occurs within a social context. People learn from observing others’ behaviors and the outcomes of those behaviors. Albert Bandura, a pioneer and a major contributor to the field of social learning, explains that social learning is a continuous reciprocal interaction between. Best size up escape package 2k22
LEARNING THEORY OF CAREER COUNSELING (Krumboltz, Mitchell, & Gelatt) Learning takes place through observations as well as through direct experiences. Simplify the process of career selection; based primarily on life events influential in determining career selection. 4 factors of career development.Social Cognitive Career Theory is linked to two branches of career inquiry that have evolved from Bandura’s general framework: Krumboltz’s social learning theory of career decision making (Krumboltz, 1979; Krumboltz, Mitchell, & Jones, 1976; Mitchell & Krumboltz, 1996) and the application of the self-efficacy construct to women’s career ...matching theory, developmental theory, opportunity structure theory, social learning, happenstance theory and psychodynamic theories) and rather than give an in-depth analysis, I have chosen to assess each theory against my own practice. The matching theory has dominated career guidance since the work of Parsons in the early 1900’s.The theory presented by John D. Krumboltz, who is an established career theorist, known as Career decision making, social learning theory explains how educational and …Parsons' theory. Frank Parsons developed the idea of matching careers to talents, skills and personality. People perform best when they are in jobs best suited to their abilities. Frank Parsons is regarded as the founder of the vocational guidance movement. He developed the talent-matching approach, which was later developed into the Trait and ...Share. John D. Krumboltz, Ph.D., has demonstrated throughout his life and work that counselors can help clients with career, academic, and personal problems to explore and expand their learning experiences; challenge unhelpful beliefs; embrace unanticipated opportunities; and take positive actions to create more satisfying lives for themselves. Social learning approach to career decision making: Krumboltz theory. In D. Brown and L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theory to practice (pp. 235 - 280 ). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .examines the limitations in the classic model of trait-and-factor counseling, including the static view of individuals, inattention to emotions, and an emphasis on occupational choice rather than the implementation of a choice / argues that jobs are changing from stable occupations to team-performed tasks / offers a new theory of career counseling that addresses these deficiencies / the goals ...The current literature in career theory reflects two key themes: the influence of constructivism and the ongoing drive for convergence of career theories. This chapter briefly overviews the history of career theories, and …Feb 16, 2018 · Krumboltz refers to the ultimate career decision as the “logical outcome of an infinitely complex sequence of learning experiences.”. The first part of this theory puts it focus on the origin of career choice basing it on the four important life factors (Mitchell,1996). Read also Plan To Establish a Career and Counseling Service Center. Social Cognitive Career Theory is linked to two branches of career inquiry that have evolved from Bandura’s general framework: Krumboltz’s social learning theory of career decision making (Krumboltz, 1979; Krumboltz, Mitchell, & Jones, 1976; Mitchell & Krumboltz, 1996) and the application of the self-efficacy construct to women’s career ... Krumboltz, J. D. (2015). Practical career counseling applications of the happenstance learning theory. In P. J. Hartung, M. L. Savickas, & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), APA handbook of career …Social learning theory reinforces the idea that learning occurs within a social context. People learn from observing others’ behaviors and the outcomes of those behaviors. Albert Bandura, a pioneer and a major contributor to the field of social learning, explains that social learning is a continuous reciprocal interaction between review the basic concepts of the Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making (SLTCDM) compare the SLTCDM with three other career development theories a broader living systems view of career decision making essentially consistent with the SLTCDM is discussed note that the purpose of social learning theory in career decision making is to explain how people come to be employed in a variety ... Question 4. Krumboltz's social learning theory differs from other career development theories because of its emphasis on. ( Multiple Choice) Question 5. Ramone has learned about being a history teacher by tutoring small children. According to Krumboltz, this is an example of a (an) ( Multiple Choice) Question 6.Krumboltz HLT. Jan. 3, 2018 • 0 likes • 1,727 views. Download Now. Download to read offline. Career. Krumboltz Theory. Muhammad Abrar Wahad Follow. Executive Production/Product Development at Farm Products Division,Qarshi Industries (Pvt.)Ltd.Chapter 7 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. ... John Krumboltz Learning Theory. Four factors to simplify process: 1. Genetic endowment and unique abilities 2. Environmental conditions and life events 3. Learning experiences 4. Task approach skills (problem solving) ... Super critical of most traditional theories. Rooted in ...Application of Krumboltz's social learning theory Career Understanding and Efficacy. There is a relationship between personality factors and career self-efficacy. As... Need for Multicultural counseling:. The rapidly emerging career opportunities in the U.S and the diverse cultural reach... ...Krumboltz, J. D. (2009). The Happenstance Learning Theory. Journal of Career Assessment, 17, 135-154.A more recent and dynamic theory of career development is Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making, developed by John Krumboltz in the 1990s. This theory emphasizes the role of ....
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